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Chronology of the Right to Vote: The United States Constitution

1804: 12th Amendment
Concerns the process by which electors shall vote for the President and Vice-President of the Unites States.

1868: 14th Amendment
Section 1: Defines what it is to be a U.S. citizen: "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."  This confirms that African-Americans are indeed U.S. citizens.
           
Section 2: Discusses apportionment for representatives.  Makes clear that the vote lies with male citizens 21 years of age and older.  This de facto legitimizes the exclusion of women from politics.

1870: 15th Amendment
Section 1: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
This implicitly leaves open restrictions based on property, literacy, tax-paying status, etc.

1920: 19th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.